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Special thanks to

PsychRights.org

for much of the information below.

Harrison, G., Hopper, K., Craig, T., Laska, E., et al. (2001). Recovery from psychotic illness: a 15- and 25- year international follow-up study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 178, 506-17.

Hopper K. & Wanderling J. (2000). Revisiting the developed versus developing country distinction in course and outcome in schizophrenia: results from ISoS, the WHO collaborative follow-up project. International Study of Schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 26(4), 835-46.

Hopper, K., Harrison, G., Aleksander, J., & Sartiorius, N. (2004, In Press). Recovery from schizophrenia: An international perspective. Madison, Connecticutt: International Universities Press, Inc.

Indian Journal of Medical Research, August 2004; WHO studies published in 1992 and 1996; US SAMHSA; Washington Post.

 Jablensky, A., Sartorius, N., Ernberg, G., Anker, M., Korten, A., Cooper, J. E., Day, R., Bertelsen, A. (1992). Schizophrenia: Manifestations, incidence and course in different   cultures, a World Health Organization ten country study. Psychological Medicine Monograph Supplement 20, 1-95.

Leff, J., Sartorius, N., Jablensky, A., Korten, A., & Ernberg, G. (1992). The international pilot study of schizophrenia: five-year follow-up findings. Psychological Medicine, 22, 131-145.

Murphy, H. B. & Raman, A.C. (1971). The chronicity of schizophrenia in indigenous tropical peoples: Results of a 12 year follow-up survey in Mauritius. British Journal of Psychiatry, 118, 489-97.

Effective Non-Neuroleptic Treatments

· Madanes, C., (2004). Remember Our Heritage, In Psychotherapy Networker, Nov./Dec.

· Mosher, L. (1999) Soteria and Other Alternatives to Acute Psychiatric Hospitalization A Personal and Professional Review, In The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 187:142-149.

· The Michigan State Psychotherapy Project study compared standard medication treatment for those diagnosed with severe schizophrenia with quality controlled psychotherapy both alone and with medication as an adjunct.  The study demonstrated extremely more favorable long-term outcomes (at lower cost) for those receiving psychotherapy alone from psychotherapists with relevant training and experience.

· Bola, J., & Mosher, L. Treatment of Acute Psychosis Without Neuroleptics:  Two-Year Outcomes from the Soteria Project.  John R. Bola, Ph.D., and Loren R. Mosher, M.D., finds that a relationally focused therapeutic milieu with minimal use of antipsychotic drugs, rather than drug treatment in the hospital, should be a preferred treatment for persons newly diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorder.

· Karon, B. (2003). The Effects of Medicating or Not Medicating on the Treatment Process.  Discusses both the harm caused by neuroleptics and the efficacy of a psycho-dynamic process.  Longer version presented at Division of Psychoanalysis (39), American Psychological Association, New York, NY, April, 2002.

· Shulman, R., (1996).  Psychotherapy with "Schizophrenia": Analysis of Metaphor to Reveal Trauma and Conflict, in Co-published simultaneously in The Psychotherapy Patient (The Haworth Press, Inc.) Vol. 9, No. 3/4, 1996, pp. 75-106; and: Psychosocial Approaches to Deeply Disturbed Persons (eds: Peter R. Breggin, and E. Mark Stern) The Hawthorn Press, Inc., 1996, pp.75-106.

· Gottdiener, W., & Haslam, N., (2002).  The Benefits of Individual Psychotherapy for People Diagnosed with Schizophrenia: A Meta-Analytic Review, In  Ethical Human Sciences and Services, (2002) 4 (3), pp. 163-187.  This comprehensive review of the literature finds that psychotherapy is as effective as medication and that adding medication does not increase effectiveness.

· Sieberts, A., (2003).  How Non-Diagnostic Listening Led to Rapid "Recovery:" from Paranoid Schizophrenia:  What is Wrong With Psychiatry?   In this paper, Dr. Sieberts finds that Psychiatry lacks insight into its own behavior, invalidates constructive criticism, avoids the kind of self-examination it urges on "patients," shows little interest in accounts of successes with schizophrenic" individuals, erroneously lumps all the schizophrenias (plural) together in research studies, feels helpless and hopeless about schizophrenia, dismisses evidence that contradicts its inaccurate beliefs, and misrepresents what is known about "schizophrenia" to the public and to patients.

· Mosher, L. & Bola, The Soteria Project: Twenty Five Years of Swimming Upriver,  In Complexity and Change, (2000) 9: 68-74.  This paper identifies the key ingredients to Soteria's success in treating patients diagnosed with schizophrenia without or with minimal medication.

· Deegan, P., Recovery: The Lived Experience of Rehabilitation, In Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal, 1988, 11(4), 11-19.  This very important paper describes in moving, personal terms the importance of hope in recovery.   And willingness.  And responsible action.  It also provides very important information on how to structure a program to achieve recovery.

· Mosher, L. Soteria-California and Its Successors: Therapeutic Ingredients .  Dr. Mosher, MD,  suggests that the strikingly beneficial effects of the Soteria type treatment are likely due to (a) the milieu, (b) attitudes of staff and residents, (c) quality of relationships, and (d) supportive social processes.  Dr. Mosher also discusses how leadership effects the success of these programs.

· William Carpenter, Jr., "The treatment of acute schizophrenia without drugs: an investigation of some current assumptions," American Journal of Psychiatry, 134 (1977), 14-20. 

· New Hope for People with Schizophrenia, Monitor on Psychology, Volume 31, No. 2, February 2000 discusses the growing evidence that people can and do recover from serious mental illness with the critical ingredient being psychosocial rehabilitation.

· Silver, A. (2001), Psychoanalysis and Psychosis: Trends and Developments , In Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, Vol 31, No. 1, Spring.  Psychodynamic work is too often dismissed as outmoded, while no theory has been developed that rivals it in effectiveness or in ability to offer cohesive theory.

· Maurice Rappaport (1978).  "Are there schizophrenics for whom drugs may be unnecessary or contraindicated?" International Pharmacopsychiatry, 13, 100-111, concludes Many un-medicated-while-in-hospital patients showed greater long-term improvement, less pathology at follow-up, fewer re-hospitalizations and better overall function in the community than patients who were given chlorpromazine while in the hospital.

· Silver, A. (2002), Psychoanalysis and Psychosis:  Players and History in the United States, In Psychoanalysis and History 4(1).  In this paper, Dr. Silver outlines how psychoanalysis has had significant success in treating schizophrenia and other psychoses since the early 1900's in the United States.

· Susan Mathews, (1979), “A non-neuroleptic treatment for schizophrenia: analysis of the two-year postdischarge risk of relapse,” Schizophrenia Bulletin, 5, 322-332 finds that at 12 months postdischarge, the cumulative probability of remaining well significantly favors the alternative Soteria program over the standard use of neuroleptics.

· Consumer/Survivor-Operated Self-Help Programs: A Technical Report by Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Mental Health Services

· Raguram, R., Venkatesaran, A., at el, (2002), Traditional community resources for mental health: a report of temple healing from India, In British Medical Journal, v325 p38, 6 JULY, bmj.com

· Loren Mosher, (1978), “Community residential treatment for schizophrenia: two year followup,” Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 29, 715-723.  Finding that two years after discharge while the alternative Soteria program patients didn't show significantly different readmission rates or symptoms, they received medications significantly less often, used less outpatient care, showed significantly better occupational levels and were more able to live independently.

· Lehrman, N., (1982), Effective Psychotherapy of Chronic Schizophrenia, In American Journal of Psychoanalysis, Vol.42, No. 2: 121-131.  This 1982 paper presents the evidence already existing that over-reliance on neuroleptics was worsening outcomes.  In this paper Dr. Lehrman discusses how individually tailored psychotherapy can get people who have chronically suffered schizophrenia  well and back out into the community as a full member.

· Alicata, H., Moser, W. at el (2003), Untreated Initial Psychosis: Relation to Cognitive Deficits and Brain Morphology in First-Episode Schizophrenia, In  American Journal of Psychiatry; 160:142-148.  Results suggest large-scale initiatives designed to prevent neural injury through early intervention in the prepsychotic or early psychosis phase may be based on incorrect assumptions that neurotoxicity or cognitive deterioration may be avoided.